Muslimonly

Senator (1k+ posts)
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http://www.economist.com/news/international/21570677-after-centuries-stagnation-science-making-comeback-islamic-world-road

Islam and science
The road to renewal

After centuries of stagnation science is making a comeback in the Islamic world




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THE sleep has been long and deep. In 2005 Harvard University produced more scientific papers than 17 Arabic-speaking countries combined. The worlds 1.6 billion Muslims have produced only two Nobel laureates in chemistry and physics. Both moved to the West: the only living one, the chemist Ahmed Hassan Zewail, is at the California Institute of Technology. By contrast Jews, outnumbered 100 to one by Muslims, have won 79. The 57 countries in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference spend a puny 0.81% of GDP on research and development, about a third of the world average. America, which has the worlds biggest science budget, spends 2.9%; Israel lavishes 4.4%.

Many blame Islams supposed innate hostility to science. Some universities seem keener on prayer than study. Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad, for example, has three mosques on campus, with a fourth planned, but no bookshop. Rote learning rather than critical thinking is the hallmark of higher education in many countries. The Saudi government supports books for Islamic schools such as The Unchallengeable Miracles of the Quran: The Facts That Cant Be Denied By Science suggesting an inherent conflict between belief and reason.
In this section


Many universities are timid about courses that touch even tangentially on politics or look at religion from a non-devotional standpoint. Pervez Hoodbhoy, a renowned Pakistani nuclear scientist, introduced a course on science and world affairs, including Islams relationship with science, at the Lahore University of Management Sciences, one of the countrys most progressive universities. Students were keen, but Mr Hoodbhoys contract was not renewed when it ran out in December; for no proper reason, he says. (The university insists that the decision had nothing to do with the course content.)

But look more closely and two things are clear. A Muslim scientific awakening is under way. And the roots of scientific backwardness lie not with religious leaders, but with secular rulers, who are as stingy with cash as they are lavish with controls over independent thought.

The long view

The caricature of Islams endemic backwardness is easily dispelled. Between the eighth and the 13th centuries, while Europe stumbled through the dark ages, science thrived in Muslim lands. The Abbasid caliphs showered money on learning. The 11th century Canon of Medicine by Avicenna (pictured, with modern equipment he would have relished) was a standard medical text in Europe for hundreds of years. In the ninth century Muhammad al-Khwarizmi laid down the principles of algebra, a word derived from the name of his book, Kitab al-Jabr. Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham transformed the study of light and optics. Abu Raihan al-Biruni, a Persian, calculated the earths circumference to within 1%. And Muslim scholars did much to preserve the intellectual heritage of ancient Greece; centuries later it helped spark Europes scientific revolution.

Not only were science and Islam compatible, but religion could even spur scientific innovation. Accurately calculating the beginning of Ramadan (determined by the sighting of the new moon) motivated astronomers. The Hadith (the sayings of Muhammad) exhort believers to seek knowledge, even as far as China.

These scholars achievements are increasingly celebrated. Tens of thousands flocked to 1001 Inventions, a touring exhibition about the golden age of Islamic science, in the Qatari capital, Doha, in the autumn. More importantly, however, rulers are realising the economic value of scientific research and have started to splurge accordingly. Saudi Arabias King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, which opened in 2009, has a $20 billion endowment that even rich American universities would envy.

Foreigners are already on their way there. Jean Frchet, who heads research, is a French chemist tipped to win a Nobel prize. The Saudi newcomer boasts research collaborations with the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and with Imperial College, London. The rulers of neighbouring Qatar are bumping up research spending from 0.8% to a planned 2.8% of GDP: depending on growth, that could reach $5 billion a year. Research spending in Turkey increased by over 10% each year between 2005 and 2010, by which year its cash outlays were twice Norways.

The tide of money is bearing a fleet of results. In the 2000 to 2009 period Turkeys output of scientific papers rose from barely 5,000 to 22,000; with less cash, Irans went up 1,300, to nearly 15,000. Quantity does not imply quality, but the papers are getting better, too. Scientific journals, and not just the few based in the Islamic world, are citing these papers more frequently. A study in 2011 by Thomson Reuters, an information firm, shows that in the early 1990s other publishers cited scientific papers from Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Turkey (the most prolific Muslim countries) four times less often than the global average. By 2009 it was only half as often. In the category of best-regarded mathematics papers, Iran now performs well above average, with 1.7% of its papers among the most-cited 1%, with Egypt and Saudi Arabia also doing well. Turkey scores highly on engineering.

Science and technology-related subjects, with their clear practical benefits, do best. Engineering dominates, with agricultural sciences not far behind. Medicine and chemistry are also popular. Value for money matters. Fazeel Mehmood Khan, who recently returned to Pakistan after doing a PhD in Germany on astrophysics and now works at the Government College University in Lahore, was told by his universitys vice-chancellor to stop chasing wild ideas (black holes, in his case) and do something useful.

Science is even crossing the regions deepest divide. In 2000 SESAME, an international physics laboratory with the Middle Easts first particle accelerator, was set up in Jordan. It is modelled on CERN, Europes particle-physics laboratory, which was created to bring together scientists from wartime foes. At SESAME Israeli boffins work with colleagues from places such as Iran and the Palestinian territories.

By the book

Science of the kind practised at SESAME throws up few challenges to Muslim doctrine (and in many cases is so abstruse that religious censors would struggle to understand it). But biologyespecially with an evolutionary angleis different. Many Muslims are troubled by the notion that humans share a common ancestor with apes. Research published in 2008 by Salman Hameed of Hampshire College in Massachusetts, a Pakistani astronomer who now studies Muslim attitudes to science, found that fewer than 20% in Indonesia, Malaysia or Pakistan believed in Darwins theories. In Egypt it was just 8%.

Yasir Qadhi, an American chemical engineer turned cleric (who has studied in both the United States and Saudi Arabia), wrestled with this issue at a London conference on Islam and evolution this month. He had no objection to applying evolutionary theory to other lifeforms. But he insisted that Adam and Eve did not have parents and did not evolve from other species. Any alternative argument is scripturally indefensible, he said. Some, especially in the diaspora, conflate human evolution with atheism: rejecting it becomes a defining part of being a Muslim. (Some Christians take a similar approach to the Bible.)

Though such disbelief may be couched in religious terms, culture and politics play a bigger role, says Mr Hameed. Poor school education in many countries leaves minds open to misapprehension. A growing Islamic creationist movement is at work too. A controversial Turkish preacher who goes by the name of Harun Yahya is in the forefront. His website spews pamphlets and books decrying Darwin. Unlike his American counterparts, however, he concedes that the universe is billions of years old (not 6,000 years).

But the barrier is not insuperable. Plenty of Muslim biologists have managed to reconcile their faith and their work. Fatimah Jackson, a biological anthropologist who converted to Islam, quotes Theodosius Dobzhansky, one of the founders of genetics, saying that nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Science describes how things change; Islam, in a larger sense, explains why, she says.

Others take a similar line. The Koran is not a science textbook, says Rana Dajani, a Jordanian molecular biologist. It provides people with guidelines as to how they should live their lives. Interpretations of it, she argues, can evolve with new scientific discoveries. Koranic verses about the creation of man, for example, can now be read as providing support for evolution.

Other parts of the life sciences, often tricky for Christians, have proved unproblematic for Muslims. In America researchers wanting to use embryonic stem cells (which, as their name suggests, must be taken from human embryos, usually spares left over from fertility treatments) have had to battle pro-life Christian conservatives and a federal ban on funding for their field. But according to Islam, the soul does not enter the fetus until between 40 and 120 days after conceptionso scientists at the Royan Institute in Iran are able to carry out stem-cell research without attracting censure.

But the kind of freedom that science demands is still rare in the Muslim world. With the rise of political Islam, including dogmatic Salafists who espouse a radical version of Islam, in such important countries as Egypt, some fear that it could be eroded further still. Others, however, remain hopeful. Muhammad Morsi, Egypts president, is a former professor of engineering at Zagazig University, near Cairo. He has a PhD in materials science from the University of Southern California (his dissertation was entitled High-Temperature Electrical Conductivity and Defect Structure of Donor-Doped Al2O{-3**). He has promised that his government will spend more on research.

Released from the restrictive control of the former regimes, scientists in Arab countries see a chance for progress. Scientists in Tunisia say they are already seeing promising reforms in the way university posts are filled. People are being elected, rather than appointed by the regime. The political storms shaking the Middle East could promote not only democracy, but revive scientific freethinking, too.

From the print edition: International

 

Raaz

(50k+ posts) بابائے فورم
islam is based on science OR science is based on Islam.

But No Science in Mulla or Molana....and thats is why we r going down , because we r mostly led by Mullas.
 

Muslimonly

Senator (1k+ posts)
islam is based on science OR science is based on Islam.

But No Science in Mulla or Molana....and thats is why we r going down , because we r mostly led by Mullas.


روشن خیال بننے کے لئے کچھ آزمودہ طریقے پیش خدمت ہیں۔

سب سے پہلے، اگر آپ مرد ہیں تو داڑھی سے چھٹکارا پانے کی کوشش کریں، داڑھی والا ہمیشہ انتہا پسند ہی ہوتا ہے۔ اس لئے اسمارٹ بنیں اور کلین شیو پر توجہ دیں، پھر ترقی پسندوں کی تصانیف پڑھیں، ان کی تصانیف میں شامل وہ باتیں جن سے کان سرخ ہوتے ہوں، ہر مناسب موقع پر لوگوں کے ساتھ شئیر کریں۔ اس کے ساتھ ساتھ انسانی حقوق کی باتیں کریں، کسی عورت کے ساتھ ظلم ہو تو ریلیاں نکالیں، ان کے پاس جا کر فوٹو سیشن کرائیں اور یہ مطالبہ کریں* کہ ذمہ داروں کو جلد از جلد سزا دی جائے۔ لیکن اتنا بھی شور و غوغا نہ کریں کہ حکومت واقعی مجبور ہو، ہتھ ہولا رکھیں۔ اس کے ساتھ ساتھ ہر بات میں مولویوں کو کوسیں، امن و امان کا مسئلہ ہو، مہنگائی کا مسئلہ ہو، یا پاکستان کی عالمی ساکھ کا، ہر بات میں مولوی کو گھسیٹیں۔ اس سے آپ کا امیج بہت روشن ہوگا اور آپ خود ہی چند ہفتوں یا مہینوں میں فرق محسوس کریں گے۔

اگر آپ خاتون ہیں، تو مندرجہ بالا طریقوں میں سے داڑھی کی بات چھوڑ کر باقی آپ کے لئے بھی ہیں، البتہ آپ کی صنف کے حساب سے کچھ مزید طریقے ہیں جن کو آزما کر آپ دقیانوسی کی جگہ روشن خیال کہلائیں گی۔ سب سے پہلے حجاب کو خیرباد کہہ دیں، روشن خیالی کے لئے ضروری ہے کہ آپ کا چہرہ بھی روشن رہے۔ اس کے بعد بتدریج دوپٹے کو سر سے سِرکا کر کندھے پر لے آئیں۔ پھر کچھ عرصے کے بعد دوپٹے کو بھی خیر باد کہہ دیں۔ لیکن یاد رہے کہ یہ سارا عمل بہت آہستہ ہو ورنہ مولوی آپ کی کلاس لینا شروع کردے گا۔ اسی طرح کپڑوں میں بتدریج تبدیلیاں لائیں حتیٰ کہ آپ بھی ترقی پسند خواتین کی طرح ان کی رنگ میں رنگ جائیں۔ کلبوں میں جائیں، بوائے فرینڈ ڈھونڈیں، اور ظالم سماج کی زنجیریں توڑنے کا عزم کریں۔ پھر اس کے بعد مولوی کی کلاس لینا شروع کریں، میڈیا پر آپ کو بہت پذیرائی ملے گی اور آپ خود ہی محسوس کریں گی کہ واقعی روشن خیال ہونا کتنی اچھی بات ہے!!!!

اس کے علاوہ کتے پالنے کا شوق رکھیں، صبح کی سیر میں ان کو ساتھ لے کر جائیں تا کہ آپ ماڈرن لگیں۔ اور فوٹو سیشنز میں بھی کتوں کو گود میں بٹھا کر ان سے پیار کریں تاکہ آپ کی بے زبانوں کے ساتھ دوستی مشہورِ عام وخاص ہوجائے۔

لیجئے، اب آپ دل کھول کر مولوی کو گالیاں دیں۔ ان کو معاشرے کا ناسور قرار دیں۔ ان کے رہن سہن، کپڑوں، کھانے (حلوہ ) وغیرہ کی بھی برائی کریں۔ ان کی ایسی خاطر تواضع کریں کہ کوئی بھی مولوی آپ کے سامنے ٹک بھی نہیں سکے۔ ایسا کرنے سے کوئی آپ کو روک نہیں سکے گا کیونکہ آپ کے دماغ میں روشن خیالی کا بلب روشن ہے، جس کا مقابلہ مولوی کے دماغ کی پرانی شمع نہیں کرسکتی۔
 

Raaz

(50k+ posts) بابائے فورم
اقبال نے فرمایا ہے
دین ملا ، فساد فی سبیل للہ
جس کو تم نے سچ ثابت کر دکھایا ہے

مسلمان جب عروج پر تھا تو تمہاری پوسٹ کے مطابق سائنس میں ما ہر تھا
آج کفر کے فتوے دینے اور ایک دوسرے کے گلے کاٹنے میں مہر ہے
یہ سب ملا کی ہی فصل بوئی ہوئی ہے​
 

Khanisback

Councller (250+ posts)
Science and Technology is also an attitude and behavior. You only fight with the logic and reasoning and if you are proved wrong you have to accept it. It promotes tolerance and wisdom but unfortunately the Muslim world is far behind in this field, mainly because of this one reason.
 

Raaz

(50k+ posts) بابائے فورم

روشن خیال بننے کے لئے کچھ آزمودہ طریقے پیش خدمت ہیں۔

سب سے پہلے، اگر آپ مرد ہیں تو داڑھی سے چھٹکارا پانے کی کوشش کریں، داڑھی والا ہمیشہ انتہا پسند ہی ہوتا ہے۔ اس لئے اسمارٹ بنیں اور کلین شیو پر توجہ دیں، پھر ترقی پسندوں کی تصانیف پڑھیں، ان کی تصانیف میں شامل وہ باتیں جن سے کان سرخ ہوتے ہوں، ہر مناسب موقع پر لوگوں کے ساتھ شئیر کریں۔ اس کے ساتھ ساتھ انسانی حقوق کی باتیں کریں، کسی عورت کے ساتھ ظلم ہو تو ریلیاں نکالیں، ان کے پاس جا کر فوٹو سیشن کرائیں اور یہ مطالبہ کریں* کہ ذمہ داروں کو جلد از جلد سزا دی جائے۔ لیکن اتنا بھی شور و غوغا نہ کریں کہ حکومت واقعی مجبور ہو، ہتھ ہولا رکھیں۔ اس کے ساتھ ساتھ ہر بات میں مولویوں کو کوسیں، امن و امان کا مسئلہ ہو، مہنگائی کا مسئلہ ہو، یا پاکستان کی عالمی ساکھ کا، ہر بات میں مولوی کو گھسیٹیں۔ اس سے آپ کا امیج بہت روشن ہوگا اور آپ خود ہی چند ہفتوں یا مہینوں میں فرق محسوس کریں گے۔

اگر آپ خاتون ہیں، تو مندرجہ بالا طریقوں میں سے داڑھی کی بات چھوڑ کر باقی آپ کے لئے بھی ہیں، البتہ آپ کی صنف کے حساب سے کچھ مزید طریقے ہیں جن کو آزما کر آپ دقیانوسی کی جگہ روشن خیال کہلائیں گی۔ سب سے پہلے حجاب کو خیرباد کہہ دیں، روشن خیالی کے لئے ضروری ہے کہ آپ کا چہرہ بھی روشن رہے۔ اس کے بعد بتدریج دوپٹے کو سر سے سِرکا کر کندھے پر لے آئیں۔ پھر کچھ عرصے کے بعد دوپٹے کو بھی خیر باد کہہ دیں۔ لیکن یاد رہے کہ یہ سارا عمل بہت آہستہ ہو ورنہ مولوی آپ کی کلاس لینا شروع کردے گا۔ اسی طرح کپڑوں میں بتدریج تبدیلیاں لائیں حتیٰ کہ آپ بھی ترقی پسند خواتین کی طرح ان کی رنگ میں رنگ جائیں۔ کلبوں میں جائیں، بوائے فرینڈ ڈھونڈیں، اور ظالم سماج کی زنجیریں توڑنے کا عزم کریں۔ پھر اس کے بعد مولوی کی کلاس لینا شروع کریں، میڈیا پر آپ کو بہت پذیرائی ملے گی اور آپ خود ہی محسوس کریں گی کہ واقعی روشن خیال ہونا کتنی اچھی بات ہے!!!!

اس کے علاوہ کتے پالنے کا شوق رکھیں، صبح کی سیر میں ان کو ساتھ لے کر جائیں تا کہ آپ ماڈرن لگیں۔ اور فوٹو سیشنز میں بھی کتوں کو گود میں بٹھا کر ان سے پیار کریں تاکہ آپ کی بے زبانوں کے ساتھ دوستی مشہورِ عام وخاص ہوجائے۔

لیجئے، اب آپ دل کھول کر مولوی کو گالیاں دیں۔ ان کو معاشرے کا ناسور قرار دیں۔ ان کے رہن سہن، کپڑوں، کھانے (حلوہ ) وغیرہ کی بھی برائی کریں۔ ان کی ایسی خاطر تواضع کریں کہ کوئی بھی مولوی آپ کے سامنے ٹک بھی نہیں سکے۔ ایسا کرنے سے کوئی آپ کو روک نہیں سکے گا کیونکہ آپ کے دماغ میں روشن خیالی کا بلب روشن ہے، جس کا مقابلہ مولوی کے دماغ کی پرانی شمع نہیں کرسکتی۔
مولانا یہ کام مودودی کی نسل کو مبارک ہوں جو امریکہ میں بیٹھی ہے
 

Raaz

(50k+ posts) بابائے فورم
Science and Technology is also an attitude and behavior. You only fight with the logic and reasoning and if you are proved wrong you have to accept it. It promotes tolerance and wisdom but unfortunately the Muslim world is far behind in this field, mainly because of this one reason.

سائنس کی وجھ سے ہی فرشتوں نے انسان کو سجدہ کیا تھا
اور ٹیکنالوجی خدا نے خود انسان کو سکھائی
حضرت نوح کو کشتی بنانا اور حضرت داؤد کو لوہے کا کام

لیکن ملّا کو فساد پھیلانا شیطان نے سکھایا​
 
bewaqoof science ki waja se farishton ne insaan ko sajda nhn kiya,,,ye insaan ki azmat the,,,science to insaan k ek haath ka khail hai,,,insaan na chaahe to science ek qadam bhe aage na barrhe,,,,,Ye Allah k NAbbi the jinhon ne science hamare faaide keliye banaae,,,mgr aaj science ko deen ka hissa nhn deen ko science ka hissa samjha jaraha hai,,,,afssos hai
 

moahhid

MPA (400+ posts)
سائنس کی وجھ سے ہی فرشتوں نے انسان کو سجدہ کیا تھا
اور ٹیکنالوجی خدا نے خود انسان کو سکھائی
حضرت نوح کو کشتی بنانا اور حضرت داؤد کو لوہے کا کام

لیکن ملّا کو فساد پھیلانا شیطان نے سکھایا​

Come on yaar! not all mullahs are that bad. I have seen some of them who are doing great service of Islam
 
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zarra Ambiya k baare aur auliya k baare me bhe irshaad kijiye wo bhe daarri waale the,,,jawaab aae ka aapka bewaqoof iss duniya me nhn,,,mujhe bhe daarrhi nhn mgr me aapki tarha bewaqoof nhn,,,me jis khudaa ki khudaae ki waja se peda kiya gaya hu,,,uski banaawatt me me etraaz nhn krta,,,haa mere ikhlaaq bhe aapse kae gunna ache hain k aapki itni bakwaas study kerne k baawajood apko hikmat sa bharaa jawab deraha hu,,,,lihaza dill se bugz nikaalo aur deen per ammal kerna shurroo hojaao,,,aap pakistan ko ek hafta sirf islam k qawaaneen pe chalaao jese Umer e Farooq ne chalaaya,,,apko faraq mehsoos hoga,,,mulla molvi ko chorren,,,Quran to Allah ki kitaab hai na us per bhe agar apko shaqq ho to aapse barra bewaqoof duniya me na hoga,,,ap dill se btaaen kiya aapne kabhe pakistan k masaail ka haall Quran o sunnat me talaash kya,,,nhn na,,,,,?agar kiya hota to aaj aap Quran k qanoon per ammal peraa hote aur agar aapne parhha bhe aur ammal nhn kr rahe to ye aapki badnaseebi hai,,,Rabb se duaa kro apni haalat ki
Yu to tumm syed bhe ho,,mirza bhe ho,,afghan bhe,,sub kuch ho
such btaao kiya tumm musalmaan bhe hoooo (allama iqbal)
 

karachiwala

Prime Minister (20k+ posts)
Come on yaar! not all mullahs are that bad. I have seen some of them who are doing great service of Islam

But that would not be roshan khayali. To be roshan khayal you MUST curse all scholars and call them Mullahs then say to yourself I am only calling on Blacksheep not good ones but does any one see any difference in roshan khayal's writing???
 

Afaq Chaudhry

Chief Minister (5k+ posts)
islam is based on science OR science is based on Islam.

But No Science in Mulla or Molana....and thats is why we r going down , because we r mostly led by Mullas.

You are mently disturbed person I think ,you look islam in the name of Mullah or Molvi which was a respectable word but muslims like you and some other roshan khiyal deeply are in inferetity complex taking about Islam.....any how do you expect that Imran Khan, nawaz Sharif,Zardari etc etc will inforce Islamic law in Pakistan....its just dream of those who always abuse Islam,they dont think that they are abusing Islam after giving these type of stuped comments like you.
Allah says in Quran............ Choice right or wrong ,think and discover so why blame Mullah or Molvi...........as a nation all the muslaim should follow Islam,so [HI]you should explain how can be the law of Pakistan on Islamic bases even when its cleary written in constitution of Pakistan that the islam is the supereme law of Pakistan but where is enforcement of this law in country?[/HI]...............again blame mullah or molvi...........please blame ruling parties mullah and molivis are not making problem for govt.......you will given reason again that mulims are not united so islam law cannot be the law of state,but I think despite creating confusion here all should be given comments positively in favour.

Roshan khiali ke chaker men in sada musalmanoo ko ye bi nahi yad rehta ke Hum Allah our Rasoolpbuh se islam per amal ke wade bi kerte hain our usi Islam ko Roshan khiayi ki badi se badnam bi karte hain.
 
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author of this article for such an important and astoundingly true argument that what Muslims suffer from today is indeed, their backwardness in science which they have apparently abandoned for many decades. While I am not convinced that Muslims are wholeheartedly heading towards comeback, I believe that Muslims should stop nagging and complaining and start re-thinking. Get out of their Mulla or Mosque leader-driven lectures and back to their libraries, laboratories and research institutes. Building on an existing knowledge is not wrong. Science should be a collaborative effort. As a Muslim, I am not hoping to see Muslims truning into innovators. All I ask is that they rise to the standard of becoming tolerant free-thinkers. That's it. Meanwhile I will quit talking and get back to working on myself to stop being a blind follower and instead choose to be an skilled expert in my field of work so that I can give a good example of a Muslim. That's what I can do to walk the talk.

We need to bring back their books! “Muslims, could regain their lost glory by promoting a book-reading culture. Their distance from knowledge caused the downfall of Muslims in the world.
 

Afaq Chaudhry

Chief Minister (5k+ posts)
How Islamic inventors changed the world

[FONT=&quot]How Islamic inventors changed the world[/FONT][FONT=&quot]

[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]From coffee to cheques and the three-course meal, the Muslim world has given us many innovations that we take for granted in daily life. As a new exhibition opens, Paul Vallely nominates 20 of the most influential- and identifies the men of genius behind them


1-
The story goes that an Arab named Khalid was tending his goats in the Kaffa region of southern Ethiopia, when he noticed his animals became livelier after eating a certain berry. He boiled the berries to make the first coffee. Certainly the first record of the drink is of beans exported from Ethiopia to Yemen where Sufis drank it to stay awake all night to pray on special occasions. By the late 15th century it had arrived in Mecca and Turkey from where it made its way to Venice in 1645. It was brought to England in 1650 by a Turk named Pasqua Rosee who opened the first coffee house in Lombard Street in the City of London. The Arabic qahwa became the Turkish kahve then the Italian caff and then English coffee.

2-
The ancient Greeks thought our eyes emitted rays, like a laser, which enabled us to see. The first person to realise that light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haitham. He invented the first pin-hole camera after noticing the way light came through a hole in window shutters. The smaller the hole, the better the picture, he worked out, and set up the first Camera Obscura (from the Arab word qamara for a dark or private room). He is also credited with being the first man to shift physics from a philosophical activity to an experimental one.

3-
A form of chess was played in ancient India but the game was developed into the form we know it today in Persia. From there it spread westward to Europe - where it was introduced by the Moors in Spain in the 10th century - and eastward as far as Japan. The word rook comes from the Persian rukh, which means chariot.

4-
A thousand years before the Wright brothers a Muslim poet, astronomer, musician and engineer named Abbas ibn Firnas made several attempts to construct a flying machine. In 852 he jumped from the minaret of the Grand Mosque in Cordoba using a loose cloak stiffened with wooden struts. He hoped to glide like a bird. He didn't. But the cloak slowed his fall, creating what is thought to be the first parachute, and leaving him with only minor injuries. In 875, aged 70, having perfected a machine of silk and eagles' feathers he tried again, jumping from a mountain. He flew to a significant height and stayed aloft for ten minutes but crashed on landing - concluding, correctly, that it was because he had not given his device a tail so it would stall on landing. Baghdad international airport and a crater on the Moon are named after him.

5-
Washing and bathing are religious requirements for Muslims, which is perhaps why they perfected the recipe for soap which we still use today. The ancient Egyptians had soap of a kind, as did the Romans who used it more as a pomade. But it was the Arabs who combined vegetable oils with sodium hydroxide and aromatics such as thyme oil. One of the Crusaders' most striking characteristics, to Arab nostrils, was that they did not wash. Shampoo was introduced to England by a Muslim who opened Mahomed's Indian Vapour Baths on Brighton seafront in 1759 and was appointed Shampooing Surgeon to Kings George IV and William IV.

6-
Distillation, the means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points, was invented around the year 800 by Islam's foremost scientist, Jabir ibn Hayyan, who transformed alchemy into chemistry, inventing many of the basic processes and apparatus still in use today - liquefaction, crystallisation, distillation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation and filtration. As well as discovering sulphuric and nitric acid, he invented the alembic still, giving the world intense rosewater and other perfumes and alcoholic spirits (although drinking them is haram, or forbidden, in Islam). Ibn Hayyan emphasised systematic experimentation and was the founder of modern chemistry.

7-
The crank-shaft is a device which translates rotary into linear motion and is central to much of the machinery in the modern world, not least the internal combustion engine. One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind, it was created by an ingenious Muslim engineer called al-Jazari to raise water for irrigation. His 1206 Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices shows he also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, devised some of the first mechanical clocks driven by water and weights, and was the father of robotics. Among his 50 other inventions was the combination lock.

8-
Quilting is a method of sewing or tying two layers of cloth with a layer of insulating material in between. It is not clear whether it was invented in the Muslim world or whether it was imported there from India or China. But it certainly came to the West via the Crusaders. They saw it used by Saracen warriors, who wore straw-filled quilted canvas shirts instead of armour. As well as a form of protection, it proved an effective guard against the chafing of the Crusaders' metal armour and was an effective form of insulation - so much so that it became a cottage industry back home in colder climates such as Britain and Holland.

9-
The pointed arch so characteristic of Europe's Gothic cathedrals was an invention borrowed from Islamic architecture. It was much stronger than the rounded arch used by the Romans and Normans, thus allowing the building of bigger, higher, more complex and grander buildings. Other borrowings from Muslim genius included ribbed vaulting, rose windows and dome-building techniques. Europe's castles were also adapted to copy the Islamic world's - with arrow slits, battlements, a barbican and parapets. Square towers and keeps gave way to more easily defended round ones. Henry V's castle architect was a Muslim.

10-
Many modern surgical instruments are of exactly the same design as those devised in the 10th century by a Muslim surgeon called al-Zahrawi. His scalpels, bone saws, forceps, fine scissors for eye surgery and many of the 200 instruments he devised are recognisable to a modern surgeon. It was he who discovered that catgut used for internal stitches dissolves away naturally (a discovery he made when his monkey ate his lute strings) and that it can be also used to make medicine capsules. In the 13th century, another Muslim medic named Ibn Nafis described the circulation of the blood, 300 years before William Harvey discovered it. Muslims doctors also invented anaesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes and developed hollow needles to suck cataracts from eyes in a technique still used today.

11-
The windmill was invented in 634 for a Persian caliph and was used to grind corn and draw up water for irrigation. In the vast deserts of Arabia, when the seasonal streams ran dry, the only source of power was the wind which blew steadily from one direction for months. Mills had six or 12 sails covered in fabric or palm leaves. It was 500 years before the first windmill was seen in Europe.

12-
The technique of inoculation was not invented by Jenner and Pasteur but was devised in the Muslim world and brought to Europe from Turkey by the wife of the English ambassador to Istanbul in 1724. Children in Turkey were vaccinated with cowpox to fight the deadly smallpox at least 50 years before the West discovered it.

13-
The fountain pen was invented for the Sultan of Egypt in 953 after he demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes. It held ink in a reservoir and, as with modern pens, fed ink to the nib by a combination of gravity and capillary action.

14-
The system of numbering in use all round the world is probably Indian in origin but the style of the numerals is Arabic and first appears in print in the work of the Muslim mathematicians al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi around 825. Algebra was named after al-Khwarizmi's book, Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah, much of whose contents are still in use. The work of Muslim maths scholars was imported into Europe 300 years later by the Italian mathematician Fibonacci. Algorithms and much of the theory of trigonometry came from the Muslim world. And Al-Kindi's discovery of frequency analysis rendered all the codes of the ancient world soluble and created the basis of modern cryptology.

15-
Ali ibn Nafi, known by his nickname of Ziryab (Blackbird) came from Iraq to Cordoba in the 9th century and brought with him the concept of the three-course meal - soup, followed by fish or meat, then fruit and nuts. He also introduced crystal glasses (which had been invented after experiments with rock crystal by Abbas ibn Firnas - see No 4).

16-
Carpets were regarded as part of Paradise by medieval Muslims, thanks to their advanced weaving techniques, new tinctures from Islamic chemistry and highly developed sense of pattern and arabesque which were the basis of Islam's non-representational art. In contrast, Europe's floors were distinctly earthly, not to say earthy, until Arabian and Persian carpets were introduced. In England, as Erasmus recorded, floors were "covered in rushes, occasionally renewed, but so imperfectly that the bottom layer is left undisturbed, sometimes for 20 years, harbouring expectoration, vomiting, the leakage of dogs and men, ale droppings, scraps of fish, and other abominations not fit to be mentioned". Carpets, unsurprisingly, caught on quickly.

17-
The modern cheque comes from the Arabic saqq, a written vow to pay for goods when they were delivered, to avoid money having to be transported across dangerous terrain. In the 9th century, a Muslim businessman could cash a cheque in China drawn on his bank in Baghdad.

18-
By the 9th century, many Muslim scholars took it for granted that the Earth was a sphere. The proof, said astronomer Ibn Hazm, "is that the Sun is always vertical to a particular spot on Earth". [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]It was 500 years before that realisation dawned on Galileo. The calculations of Muslim astronomers were so accurate that in the 9th century they reckoned the Earth's circumference to be 40,253.4km - less than 200km out. The scholar al-Idrisi took a globe depicting the world to the court of King Roger of Sicily in 1139.

19-
Though the Chinese invented saltpetre gunpowder, and used it in their fireworks, it was the Arabs who worked out that it could be purified using potassium nitrate for military use. Muslim incendiary devices terrified the Crusaders. By the 15th century they had invented both a rocket, which they called a "self-moving and combusting egg", and a torpedo - a self-propelled pear-shaped bomb with a spear at the front which impaled itself in enemy ships and then blew up.

20-
Medieval Europe had kitchen and herb gardens, but it was the Arabs who developed the idea of the garden as a place of beauty and meditation. The first royal pleasure gardens in Europe were opened in 11th-century Muslim Spain. Flowers which originated in Muslim gardens include the carnation and the tulip.

"1001 Inventions: Discover the Muslim Heritage in Our World" is a new exhibition which began a nationwide tour this week. It is currently at the Science Museum in Manchester.[/FONT]
 

Raaz

(50k+ posts) بابائے فورم
author of this article for such an important and astoundingly true argument that what Muslims suffer from today is indeed, their backwardness in science which they have apparently abandoned for many decades. While I am not convinced that Muslims are wholeheartedly heading towards comeback, I believe that Muslims should stop nagging and complaining and start re-thinking. Get out of their Mulla or Mosque leader-driven lectures and back to their libraries, laboratories and research institutes. Building on an existing knowledge is not wrong. Science should be a collaborative effort. As a Muslim, I am not hoping to see Muslims truning into innovators. All I ask is that they rise to the standard of becoming tolerant free-thinkers. That's it. Meanwhile I will quit talking and get back to working on myself to stop being a blind follower and instead choose to be an skilled expert in my field of work so that I can give a good example of a Muslim. That's what I can do to walk the talk.

We need to bring back their books! “Muslims, could regain their lost glory by promoting a book-reading culture. Their distance from knowledge caused the downfall of Muslims in the world.
It is fact that Muslims of Khilafat ruled the world , at that time Muslims were at top of Science and technology...

Then after Renaissance , Europe captured this field , but Muslims deny to accept the modern science.....

And Mullas were the people still creating delusion in the ears of Muslim that there is no link of Islam and Science...

In 1950 , Saudi Mullas gave the fatwas against riding bicycle and radio.....

Now they r the biggest consumer of wheel and telecom.



Our Khilafat falls only because we did not accept the modern science...


 
Abdus Salam - The First Muslim Nobel Scientist and you might get a sense of why there are so few Muslim scholars of that stature.But Most of the Pakistani hate him because of religion as they not like his sect. When we like and dislike people on the basis of relegion we cant make further progress in science.when He came Pak to start physics school, people did lot protest against him bcz of his sect. He went back and start school in Italy wheich is excellent physics and math school now in world. Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physicshttp://www.ictp.it/about-ictp.aspx.....
The story of religion is not and should not be intermingled with genuine science. Religion- the paradigm of individual principles- may support any inquisitive scientist. But, religion is not something scientific in nature.Mohammad(PBUH) said: the ink of scholar is more sacred than blood of martyr.
Keep in mind that a muslim scientist has 100 billion neurons in the brain-the same aswestern scientist.I really hope Muslims start becoming scientific again. The world has lost a great deal because of Islamic backwardness.Science demands physical proof. It is based on skepticism. Religion goes beyond science. It is affirmative in nature.



Sorry, it's in German (you can try Google Translate) - in this interview Pakistani nuclear physicist Pervez Hoodbhoy says the we r going down by every day, that Islamic societies have FAILED, that they are more and more about religion (it it was much different 50 years ago he says), they have contributed nothing noteworthy, and the outlook is bleak.
http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/interview-mit-dem-pakistanischen-a...
 

Raaz

(50k+ posts) بابائے فورم
You are mently disturbed person I think ,you look islam in the name of Mullah or Molvi which was a respectable word but muslims like you and some other roshan khiyal deeply are in inferetity complex taking about Islam.....any how do you expect that Imran Khan, nawaz Sharif,Zardari etc etc will inforce Islamic law in Pakistan....its just dream of those who always abuse Islam,they dont think that they are abusing Islam after giving these type of stuped comments like you.
Allah says in Quran............ Choice right or wrong ,think and discover so why blame Mullah or Molvi...........as a nation all the muslaim should follow Islam,so [HI]you should explain how can be the law of Pakistan on Islamic bases even when its cleary written in constitution of Pakistan that the islam is the supereme law of Pakistan but where is enforcement of this law in country?[/HI]...............again blame mullah or molvi...........please blame ruling parties mullah and molivis are not making problem for govt.......you will given reason again that mulims are not united so islam law cannot be the law of state,but I think despite creating confusion here all should be given comments positively in favour.

Roshan khiali ke chaker men in sada musalmanoo ko ye bi nahi yad rehta ke Hum Allah our Rasoolpbuh se islam per amal ke wade bi kerte hain our usi Islam ko Roshan khiayi ki badi se badnam bi karte hain.
Read your post again ...
 

Raaz

(50k+ posts) بابائے فورم
Abdus Salam - The First Muslim Nobel Scientist and you might get a sense of why there are so few Muslim scholars of that stature.But Most of the Pakistani hate him because of religion as they not like his sect. When we like and dislike people on the basis of relegion we cant make further progress in science.when He came Pak to start physics school, people did lot protest against him bcz of his sect. He went back and start school in Italy wheich is excellent physics and math school now in world. Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physicshttp://www.ictp.it/about-ictp.aspx.....
The story of religion is not and should not be intermingled with genuine science. Religion- the paradigm of individual principles- may support any inquisitive scientist. But, religion is not something scientific in nature.Mohammad(PBUH) said: the ink of scholar is more sacred than blood of martyr.
Keep in mind that a muslim scientist has 100 billion neurons in the brain-the same aswestern scientist.I really hope Muslims start becoming scientific again. The world has lost a great deal because of Islamic backwardness.Science demands physical proof. It is based on skepticism. Religion goes beyond science. It is affirmative in nature.



Sorry, it's in German (you can try Google Translate) - in this interview Pakistani nuclear physicist Pervez Hoodbhoy says the we r going down by every day, that Islamic societies have FAILED, that they are more and more about religion (it it was much different 50 years ago he says), they have contributed nothing noteworthy, and the outlook is bleak.
http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/interview-mit-dem-pakistanischen-a...

U r right but we r talking about Islam and Science ....

We dont think that Abdl Salam or Hood bhai r muslim, sorry for that..

They were great scientist....but not muslim...


We like that our muslim community is involved in Scientific activities and not dependent on other for their life and defence.

Right now our slaughter machines r foreign made.
 

Raaz

(50k+ posts) بابائے فورم
But that would not be roshan khayali. To be roshan khayal you MUST curse all scholars and call them Mullahs then say to yourself I am only calling on [HI]Blacksheep[/HI] not good ones but does any one see any difference in roshan khayal's writing???
Blacksheep r good to eat try some day....